Cabrera, A. The major cause of model of student retention. Journal of Higher stress for an undergraduate or graduate student is examination and Education examination results, studying for exams, work overload, the 7.
Nora, A. Determinants of retention among amount of material to learn and the need to perform well. Socio Chicano college students: A structural model. Financial problems 8. Determinants of and lack of time for friends and family also works hand in hand to predisposition to transfer among community college make the student anxious Abouserie, As per students: A structural model. Research in Higher previous literature review lower self-esteem and lower self- Education concept triggers stress among undergraduate students.
A parallel 9. Academic mindsets improve academic persevarence college student population. Review of Higher and academic behaviours. Education Pittman, T. Edwards, K. Stress, negative social on motivation and achievement. Boggiano exchange and health symptoms in university and T. Pittman eds. Social-Developmental Bernard, J.
Factors Perspective, pp. London: Cambridge Press related to suicidal behaviour among college students Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Adolescent and the impact of institutional responses. Roberts, R. Saini, The effects of students economic Manmeet Kaur Sodhi, Abouserie, R.
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The relation An Evaluation of Factors Influencing the Academic of depression and anxiety to life-stress and Self-concept, Selfesteem and Academic Stress for achievement in students. Using the DYSA Spiridon, K.
Exploring programme to reduce stress and anxiety in first-year relationships between academic hardiness, academic university students. Fisher, S. Stress in academic life: The mental undergraduates. Buckingham: Open University Press, Hardy, L.
Helping students de-stress. Jenny Nagaoka, Camille A. Farrington, Melissa Education Digest, 68 9 , Hughes, B. Study, examinations, and David W. Johnson, and Nicole O. Beechum, stress: Blood pressure assessments in college A literature review on Teaching adolescents to students. Educational Review, 57 1 become a learners: A role of non-cognitive factors in Mechanic, D. Students under stress: A study shaping school performance: A critical literature in the social psychology of adaptation.
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Valarie M. Schroeder and Michelle L. Kelley, Alketa Hysenbegasi,1 Steven L. Hass,2 Clayton R. The Influence of Family Factors on the Rowland. The Alcoholics in College. David Putwain Researching academic stress Ment Health Policy Econ 8, British Educational Research Journal Vol.
Rowland Exploring relationships between academic hardiness, academic stressors and achievement in university undergraduates. Clark, E. Differences in relationships and stress of medical and law students. Journal of Medical Education, 61, Blumberg, P. This is best accomplished by a collaborative effort among the coach, the sport psychologist, and the athlete; however, a knowledgeable and interested coach can learn basic psychological skills and impart them to the athlete, especially during actual practice.
Educational sports psychologists instruct their clients on the use of psychological techniques such as goal setting, energy management, relaxation skills, self-talk and positive imagery in order to maximize performances. They usually possess background training in kinesiology and become certified through organizations Correspondence such as the Association for Applied Sport Psychology AASP [3].
Psychological factors affecting physical performance Affairs, Physical Activity Performance in sports is no longer dependent on physiological well-being of the athlete. It embraces Personality traits are basic to sports excellence. It is necessary every phase of human character: intellect, temperament, skill, to identify and cultivate those personality traits which are most morality, and every attitude that has been built up in the course conductive to the performance in sports.
The concept of personality is dynamic because an important psychological factor which, to a great extent human self is dynamic - always acting, interacting, adapting, determines the result of any athletic output [18]. This fact assumes great significance when it comes to understanding the personality development.
The human personality is a marvelously complicated structure, delicately woven of motives, emotions, habits and thoughts, into a pattern that balances the pulls and pushes of the outside world [5]. Since , several comprehensive literature reviews have been completed in an attempt to clarify the relationship between personality and sports performance [6, 7]. However it is good to remember that the relationship between sports performance and personality is far from crystal clear, it seems equally true that certain general conclusion can be drawn.
Athletes differ from nonathletic on many personality traits [8]. One research showed that athletes who participate in team and individual sports are more independent, more objective, and less anxious than non- Fig 1: The personality performance athletic pyramid [19] athletes [9]. From other research it is also clear that athletes is often more intelligent than average [10].
Additionally, Cooper in 2. Generally, athletes differ from nonathletes in many interactions, experiences and transformations, which an personality traits.
For example, it can be demonstrated that individual happens to have during his lifetime, and which athletes are generally more independent, objective, and leave, more or less, permanent effect on him. If learning were extraverted than nonathletes, but less anxious. The athletic removed from human life, a person would be helpless. Beside pyramid as in Fig. At the base or behavior such as intolerance, hate, love, shame, envy, entrance level of sport, athletes are very heterogeneous, or jealousy, sympathy, etc.
There are have different personalities. When trying to differentiate a lot of psychological definitions of learning. We can confirm views [20, 21]. Educational psychologists have identified several that the differences exist in the personalities of athletes who principles of learning, also referred to as laws of learning, engaged in different types of sports [12].
Perhaps the clearest which seem generally applicable to the learning process. These distinction occurs between athletes involved in team sports and principles have been discovered, tested, and used in practical those involved in individual sports.
For example, team sport situations. They provide additional insight into what makes athletes are more extraverted, dependent, and anxious than people learn most effectively. Edward Thorndike developed individual sport athletes. Certainly, one might expect some the first three "Laws of learning:" readiness, exercise, and differences to emerge between football players and tennis effect.
Since Thorndike set down his basic three laws in the players in terms of personality traits [13]. In many cases, early part of the twentieth century, five additional principles athletes playing different positions on the same team can be have been added: primacy, recency, intensity, freedom and differentiated as a function of personality characteristics.
This requirement. The first three laws and their relation to physical is especially pronounced in sports in which athletes are activity as outlined below: required to do very different kinds of things. Point guards in basketball, setters in volleyball, and goalies in soccer or ice 2. After effectively than otherwise. If a person is not ready to act, it reviewing much of the available literature on the female will be annoying for him to act on compulsion.
When a child athlete and personality, and the expected differences between is ready to learn, he will learn more willingly and effectively male and female athletes, it was cautiously concluded that the than otherwise. If a person is not ready to act, it will be normative female differs in personality profile from the annoying for him to act on compulsion. When a child is ready successful female athlete.
Specifically the female athlete is to learn, he will learn more willingly and effectively than at found to exhibit personality traits much like those of both the any other time.
Thus, the state of readiness is one of the most normative male and the male athlete, for example, assertive, important laws of learning. An individual should be achievement oriented, dominate, self-sufficient, independent, physically, mentally, and emotionally mature and read to learn aggressive, intelligent, and reserved [16].
In comparison with if actual learning is to take place. Interest is the motivation available norms, female body builders were observed to be force for all learning. The physical psychologists. The nature of this relationship, however often education teacher should create interest in the students so that depends on how close the physical and the intellectual they may be ready to receive the activities and put forth their elements are embedded in an activity.
On this issue, best. The principle of giving warming up exercise is based on Digiovanna said that intelligence is exercised in the this law [22].
Intelligence in athletics also This law emphasize that practice makes a man perfect. By exercised in the strategy in various games. Given a series of repeating over and over again, the reaction becomes automatic. It all other factors influencing athletic achievement to two involves principles of exercise, and of repetition or practice or individuals, identical in physique but differing in intellect, it is drill.
We learn and retain by use, and forget by disuse. Practice of aerobics gymnastics, superior. The assumption now is that intelligence plays apart shooting, typing etc. Intelligence of an individual plays Highlighting the application of this law in physical education an important role in effecting physical performance. The more and sports, Charles A. Sports means that practice makes for better coordination, more activities involve complex skilled actions.
Attention and concentration According to Thorndike [24], satisfaction enhances learning to a Everything in life responds to attention. People, objects, stocks great extent. This law is also known as law of satisfaction.
By of inventory, and money. Attention is the concentration of effect, is meant the effective result of any activity. Activities consciousness upon one object rather than upon another. It is which are accompanied by a feeling of pleasure or satisfaction the process of getting an object or thought clearly before the are more readily and easily learned than activities which are mind. It helps in bringing mental alertness and preparedness, unpleasant.
The speed of learning depends on satisfaction. For example play is pleasurable activity and therefore possible. The best definition for attention come from James children engaged in it even without formal motivation, and [27]. He said attention is taking possession by the mind, will tend to avoid those activities which are not of their choice in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several and liking. Physical education teacher should make every simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought.
It implies attempt to provide activities that produce a feeling of withdrawal from something in order to deal effectively with gratification and satisfaction. Performance in physical activity and sport greatly All the above laws, when applied to learning skills in physical depends on attention, because all psychosomatic process such education, state that the student must either be ready or must as sense perception, cognitive, motor memory, intelligence, be motivated to be ready, and the act must be repeated time etc.
This makes incumbent on and again before one can become proficient. This process young boys and girls at school to be very attentive during the proceeds much more rapidly if the student experiences activity lesson so that they miss no vital cues which govern satisfaction, and this feeling of satisfaction can be experienced performance of an important skill or series of skills.
Similarly only when some success has been achieved. Intelligence pointed concentration, a state in which all body and mental Intelligence is aggregate mental capacity or energy of an energies are brought to a flashpoint [28]. Defining intelligence in differences in the development of mechanisms of selective concrete terms has all through been a challenge with attention important in the storage and retrieval information psychologists, philosophers and educationist over centuries relevant to various tasks.
Assessment of attentional capacities probably because the list of functions, operations and activities may be very useful for this purpose. A direction dimension attached to it is so exhaustive. Individuals differ from one to refers to the extent to which attention is directed externally to another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt environment stimuli or internally to cognitions and emotions.
There are a lot of requirements of different tasks to be positioned in one of four definitions of intelligence, one of them comes from possible quadrants Fig 2.
Giving high quality attention to the Mainstream Science on Intelligence, which was signed by 52 skill during sports competition is important for effective intelligence researchers in Various cognitive strategies and intensive over mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability learning of skills may enhance the capacity to focus attention to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend on the task at hand, resulting in better performance.
There are complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. The number of factors which distract and reduce attention and relationship between physical activity and intelligence has concentration, which in turn will result in poor performance often been a matter of serious debate among sports [29].
Motivation in sports is so important because you must be willing to work hard in the face of fatigue, boredom, pain, and the desire to do other things.
Motivation will impact everything that influences your sports performance: physical conditioning, technical and tactical training, mental preparation, and general lifestyle including sleep, diet, school or work, and relationships. There are two primary types of motivation Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. Extrinsic Motivation is geared toward external rewards and reinforces.
Extrinsic motivation may come from social sources, such as not wanting to disappoint a parent, or material rewards, such as trophies and college scholarships. Extrinsically motivated athletes tend to focus on the competitive or performance outcome.
An over-emphasis on extrinsic motivation may lead athletes to feel like their behavior is controlled by the extrinsic rewards. On the other hand, athletes may continue to feel like they control their own Fig 2: Dimensions of attention [30] behavior even with the presence of extrinsic rewards.
Intrinsic Motivation is geared toward internal rewards and reinforces. Motivation Intrinsically motivated athletes participate in sport for internal It is difficult to imagine anything being more important to reasons, particularly pure enjoyment and satisfaction, and success in sport than motivation.
In psychology, motivation intrinsically motivated athletes typically concentrate on skill refers to the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of improvement and growth.
One of the most important behavior. Motivation is the foundation for all athletic effort motivation theories in needs theory. Without your desire and determination to section in his hierarchical pyramid of needs Fig. The improve your sports performances, all of the other mental lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of the most basic factors, confidence, intensity, focus, and emotions, are needs, while the more complex needs are located at the top of meaningless.
To become the best athlete you must be the pyramid. As people progress up the pyramid, needs motivated to do what it takes to maximize your ability and become increasingly psychological and social. Maslow achieve your goals. Motivation, simply defined, is the ability emphasized the importance of self-actualization [32], which is a to initiate and persist at a task. To perform your best, you must process of growing and developing as a person to achieve want to begin the process of developing as an athlete and you individual potential.
Motivation is basic to 6. Emotions overcome the hurdles which otherwise could have influenced Emotions are our feelings. Literally, we feel them in our the performance negatively. Without proper attention, Keen bodies as tingles, hot spots and muscular tension. Emotions are interest, setting of right attitude, and the resulting optimum biologically based adaptations that assist us in responding to level of motivation, many top class athletes have failed to particular external stimuli.
We win a soccer match, we jump accomplish their task. Almost every situation evokes some feeling, emotions as well as how to predict performance. In summary, and as the situation becomes intense, it is expressed as emotions and sport significantly impact upon one another.
No aspect of our mental life is more important to the Certain sporting situations can lead to the development of quality and meaning of our existence than emotions, because emotions and these emotions can have significant impacts on emotions actually express our true feelings.
According to sporting aspects. Understanding these factors will aid in the Young definition, emotions are actually disturbed states or prediction of emotions and the inter- and intra-personal processes which originate in psychological situations and consequences of these emotions. Emotions lies at the top of the Prime 7. Individual differences Sport Pyramid, The Prime Sport Pyramid is ordered in a Nature has not made two individuals exactly the same or even purposeful and logical manner.
Its order is based on the similar. People differ from one another in height, weight, sequence in which the factors impact sports performance [34] color, appearance, speed of reaction, character, personality, Fig.
Emotions are a response which is characterized by the behavior, and the like. That people differ from each other is generation of energy within the body and psyche.
They obvious. How and why the differ and what impact do the provide energy for us to confront challenges. Emotions play a difference among them has on their behavior, learning ability central role in sports performance. This subject of individual differences is generally dealt All winning performance are invariably a result of emotional with under individual differences in psychology or differential upsurge in the athlete.
Emotions has both facilitative and psychology. Psychology studies people at three levels [39] as debilitative effect on athletic performance.
In general, while every man in certain respects a like all other men, b like positive emotions like joy, happiness, elation, etc. No two people are facilitative effect on performance negative emotions such as alike, yet no two people are unlike. So, in the study of anger, fear, anxiety, over-arousal, etc. Research on this issue is full of contradiction people are psychologically similar and particularly what and still inconclusive.
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Khel Sahitya Kendra,. Science Publication,. Examination for Physical Education, New Delhi.
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