Covers a variety of subject areas in the sciences and humanities. It is based on ISO 4 ISO 4 is an international standard which defines a uniform system for the abbreviation of serial titles, i. LTWA includes more than 56, words and their abbreviations in 65 languages. This resource does not list the abbreviated titles of journals, but lists standard word abbreviations that can help you construct or interpret an abbreviated journal title.
Note that ISI's abbreviations are non-standard. They were established by ISI when saving computer space was a priority. However, if you need a list of journals abbreviations connected to Web of Science or Current Contents, this may be a useful resource. Email Me. ISO 4 is an international standard which defines a uniform system for the abbreviation of serial titles, i. One major use of ISO 4 is to abbreviate the names of scientific journals in citations.
The use of standardized abbreviations is essential to obtain correct and validated scientific and technical citations. In accordance with the scope of this standard, the abbreviations can also be used for titles of non-serial publications. Click on the letter corresponding to your search or enter a word in the field provided for this purpose.
Editors are not involved in decisions about papers which they have written themselves or have been written by family members or colleagues or which relate to products or services in which the editor has an interest. Any such submission is subject to all of the journal's usual procedures, with peer review handled independently of the relevant editor and their research groups. More information on types of peer review.
Use of word processing software Regardless of the file format of the original submission, at revision you must provide us with an editable file of the entire article. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible. Most formatting codes will be removed and replaced on processing the article.
The electronic text should be prepared in a way very similar to that of conventional manuscripts see also the Guide to Publishing with Elsevier.
See also the section on Electronic artwork. To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly advised to use the 'spell-check' and 'grammar-check' functions of your word processor. Article structure. Subdivision - numbered sections Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections.
Subsections should be numbered 1. Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to 'the text'. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line. Introduction State the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background, avoiding a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results. Material and methods Provide sufficient details to allow the work to be reproduced by an independent researcher.
Methods that are already published should be summarized, and indicated by a reference. If quoting directly from a previously published method, use quotation marks and also cite the source. Any modifications to existing methods should also be described.
In contrast, a Calculation section represents a practical development from a theoretical basis. Results Results should be clear and concise. Discussion This should explore the significance of the results of the work, not repeat them. A combined Results and Discussion section is often appropriate. Avoid extensive citations and discussion of published literature. Conclusions The main conclusions of the study may be presented in a short Conclusions section, which may stand alone or form a subsection of a Discussion or Results and Discussion section.
Appendices If there is more than one appendix, they should be identified as A, B, etc. Formulae and equations in appendices should be given separate numbering: Eq.
Similarly for tables and figures: Table A. Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.
Please clearly indicate the given name s and family name s of each author and check that all names are accurately spelled. You can add your name between parentheses in your own script behind the English transliteration. Present the authors' affiliation addresses where the actual work was done below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of the appropriate address.
Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name and, if available, the e-mail address of each author. Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also post-publication.
This responsibility includes answering any future queries about Methodology and Materials. Ensure that the e-mail address is given and that contact details are kept up to date by the corresponding author. If an author has moved since the work described in the article was done, or was visiting at the time, a 'Present address' or 'Permanent address' may be indicated as a footnote to that author's name. The address at which the author actually did the work must be retained as the main, affiliation address.
Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes. Highlights Highlights are mandatory for this journal as they help increase the discoverability of your article via search engines. They consist of a short collection of bullet points that capture the novel results of your research as well as new methods that were used during the study if any. Please have a look at the examples here: example Highlights.
Highlights should be submitted in a separate editable file in the online submission system. Please use 'Highlights' in the file name and include 3 to 5 bullet points maximum 85 characters, including spaces, per bullet point.
Abstract An abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author s and year s.
Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.
This should provide a concise description of the purpose of the report or review article and should not exceed words. The abstract should include a maximum of 6 keywords, which reflects the entries the author s would like to see in an index. Graphical abstract Although a graphical abstract is optional, its use is encouraged as it draws more attention to the online article. The graphical abstract should summarize the contents of the article in a concise, pictorial form designed to capture the attention of a wide readership.
Graphical abstracts should be submitted as a separate file in the online submission system. You can view Example Graphical Abstracts on our information site. Authors can make use of Elsevier's Illustration Services to ensure the best presentation of their images and in accordance with all technical requirements. Keywords Immediately after the abstract, provide a maximum of 6 keywords, using American spelling and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts avoid, for example, 'and', 'of'.
Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes. Abbreviations Define abbreviations that are not standard in this field in a footnote to be placed on the first page of the article. Such abbreviations that are unavoidable in the abstract must be defined at their first mention there, as well as in the footnote. Ensure consistency of abbreviations throughout the article. Acknowledgements Collate acknowledgements in a separate section at the end of the article before the references and do not, therefore, include them on the title page, as a footnote to the title or otherwise.
List here those individuals who provided help during the research e. Formatting of funding sources List funding sources in this standard way to facilitate compliance to funder's requirements:. It is not necessary to include detailed descriptions on the program or type of grants and awards.
When funding is from a block grant or other resources available to a university, college, or other research institution, submit the name of the institute or organization that provided the funding.
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Footnotes Footnotes should be used sparingly. Number them consecutively throughout the article. Many word processors build footnotes into the text, and this feature may be used.
Should this not be the case, indicate the position of footnotes in the text and present the footnotes themselves separately at the end of the article. A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available. You are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailed information are given here. Embed the font or save the text as 'graphics'.
If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable color figures then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appear in color online e.
For color reproduction in print, you will receive information regarding the costs from Elsevier after receipt of your accepted article. Please indicate your preference for color: in print or online only. Further information on the preparation of electronic artwork.
Figure captions Ensure that each illustration has a caption. A caption should comprise a brief title not on the figure itself and a description of the illustration.
Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used. Tables Please submit tables as editable text and not as images. Tables can be placed either next to the relevant text in the article, or on separate page s at the end.
Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text and place any table notes below the table body. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in them do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.
Please avoid using vertical rules and shading in table cells. Citation in text Literature references. Citation of literature references in the text should be given at the appropriate place by the author's name followed by year in parentheses. Should there be more than two authors, the first author's name should be followed by et al. When there are two or more papers by the same author s appearing in the same year these should be distinguished by a, b, c, etc.
All references cited in the text should be listed at the end of the paper on a separate page also double spaced according to the Harvard system, i. Every reference cited in the text should appear in the list of references and vice versa. The form of literature references to books should be author, initials, year, title of book, volume or edition, publisher, city and page number s referred to see example b.
References to authors contributing to multi-author books or to proceedings printed in book form should be similar to those for books see example c. Web references As a minimum, the full URL should be given and the date when the reference was last accessed.
Any further information, if known DOI, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc. Web references can be listed separately e. Data references This journal encourages you to cite underlying or relevant datasets in your manuscript by citing them in your text and including a data reference in your Reference List. Data references should include the following elements: author name s , dataset title, data repository, version where available , year, and global persistent identifier.
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